As the main driver of global energy demand growth, China accounted for 23% of world energy use in 2014. BP expects this share to rise to 25% by 2035. According to National Bureau of Statistics of China, despite a decline of 3.7% in coal consumption in 2015, the energy source still supplied 64% of primary energy use, with China accounting for half of global coal consumption.

Without doubt, a fossil fuel-intensive strategy has helped the world’s largest economy achieve years of astronomical growth. However, this has resulted in major environmental pollution. Late last year, Beijing issued two environmental red alerts – the highest level in a four-tier warning scale – due to high levels of air pollution. The concentration of PM2.5 particles reached levels 30 times the WHO’s recommendation of 25 micrograms per cubic meter – spurring traffic restrictions and closures of factories and schools in the country’s capital. To tackle environmental problems, China has tightened its air pollution and environmental protection laws over the past few years. On March 5th, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang announced that the government will “deal with industrial pollution at the source and conduct online monitoring of all polluting enterprises”. While the government has yet to unveil detailed actions, by strictly enforcing revised laws, China may begin to reduce levels of pollution.

Li’s speech set the tone for the country’s 13th Five-Year Plan – due to be passed without major amendment this week. Under the new economic, social and environmental blueprint, China plans to reduce its energy intensity (energy consumption per unit of GDP) and carbon intensity by 15% and 18% by 2020 respectively. This change will require rapid growth in non-fossil energy sources such as renewables and nuclear. Integrating renewable energy into the energy mix is still at an early stage, however, the new plan makes clear China intends to strengthen efforts to move from coal to non-fossil energy sources over the next five years.

Non-fossil energy accounted for 12% of primary energy consumption in 2015 up from 9.4% in 2010 – passing the 11.4% target under the previous Five-Year Plan. With the updated blueprint, the nation has set new targets of 15% by 2020 and 20% by 2030. DW’s World Offshore Wind Market Forecast suggests continued growth in renewable energy installations – China is expected to be a key offshore market, installing over 10GW of offshore wind capacity to 2025.

Wang Yunjiao, Douglas-Westwood Singapore

NYC-based PIRA Energy Group reports that recent Oklahoma wastewater directives not likely to have material impact on crude production. In the U.S., hefty crude imports propelled U.S. crude stocks higher. In Japan, crude runs recovered, imports rose and stocks built. Specifically, PIRA’s analysis of the oil market fundamentals has revealed the following:

Hefty Crude Imports Propel U.S. Crude Stocks Higher

Recent crude import have averaged about 0.88 MMB/D higher than last year, roughly the same magnitude as the decline in domestic crude supply. Crude runs being about 550 MB/D higher have restrained the increase in crude stocks. Gasoline and jet demand have been growing, but distillate has been very weak. The gasoline balance sheet cleaning up relative to the distillate balance sheet is reflected in distillate prices weakening versus gasoline. Looking forward, a strong increase in CDU maintenance should reduce crude runs and contribute to another crude stock build. Gasoline demand and seasonally declining yields should drive a steeper-than-average draw, as distillate demand results in an average draw.

Potential Producing Region High Storage Alarm Bells

Though the books have only just opened for March, the month already may have seen its final double-digit withdrawal of the heating season. Preliminary balances suggest next week’s report will feature at best a minor withdrawal, followed by a sizable 30-40 BCF injection for the week ending March 18th. Consequently, U.S. balances are on pace to end the month with a storage position near ~2.5 TCF, a remarkably similar tally to end-February and the record set in 2012. Thursday’s reported draw also resulted in a steep expansion to 911 BCF in the year-on-year storage surplus. With additional gains looming, the overhang will soon top the 1 TCF threshold.

German Lignite Is Now Cash-Flow Negative

The latest earning calls by major power generators confirm PIRA's view that the Continental markets continue to be on an unsustainable path, with utilities now feeling increasing pressure from rating agencies (a sign of growing credit concerns). More specifically for Germany, the slump in commodity prices is keeping wholesale prices at historically lower levels, with current prices unable to cover large portions of the baseload fleet — lignite and nuclear. Going forward, while power prices may be stabilizing as a result of gains in oil and coal prices, the lack of retirements will continue to squeeze margins.

Coal Price Rebound Continues on Strike Risks and Higher Oil

Seaborne coal pricing generally moved higher last week, with a looming strike at the Cerrejón mine in Colombia and rising oil pricing providing some upward momentum to coal pricing. There is a fundamental rebalancing that is (slowly) going on, with some discipline on the supply side and strengthening on the demand side. This is expected to lead to a more structural recovery in pricing in late-2016 into 2017. Additionally, we believe that the coal market is underestimating the impact that a recovery in oil prices will have on coal production costs and pricing. PIRA retains a bullish outlook relative to the market starting in 4Q16.

RGGI Carbon Auction Reflects Lower Pricing

RGGI’s carbon allowance auction saw strong demand with compliance-oriented buying, but it cleared below the secondary market. PIRA continues to expect that this year’s Program Review process will result in a tightening of caps post-2020. Price volatility may also lead to consideration of a more robust price floor. The prospect of continued operation of Maryland coal units could mean higher-than-expected emissions.

The U.S. Exports First Ethane Cargo

The first ever long-range ethane cargo loaded last week at Sunoco’s Marcus Hook, PA, terminal in the Northeast United States. The cargo loaded and departed midweek (March 9th) and headed for its destination in Rafnes, Norway, where it is expected to arrive on March 29th. The JS Ineos Intrepid has a 172 MB (27.5 thousand cubic meter) cargo capacity. The ethane cargo will be used as feedstock for Ineos’s Norwegian petrochemical facility.

U.S. Output Declines

Despite a drop in U.S. ethanol production for the second consecutive week, stocks built by 683 thousand barrels to a record 23.3 million barrels. Total inventories are up a remarkable 2.1 million barrels from 21.2 million at this time last year.

Way Ahead of Schedule

Pictures of heading wheat the second week of March caused more than a little concern for many. The HRW crop was pushed way ahead of schedule with the recent warm snap and is now at risk of damage due to cold or wet conditions over the next month or so. The already massive short position obviously didn’t help either, and while we’re bearish flat price, it’s best to sit this one out.

Financial Stress Continues to Ease

For the fourth straight week, the S&P 500 rose Friday-to-Friday and on a weekly average basis. While volatility was little changed, all of the other indicators, such as high yield debt and emerging market debt, again posted solid gains. The U.S. dollar lost ground on the week against a host of currencies. Commodities ex-energy are looking significantly better the past several weeks (an eight-week uptrend). Energy has also moved higher the last few weeks.

Japanese Crude Runs Recovered, Imports Rose and Stocks Built

Crude runs recovered about one third of the decline posted the previous week. Crude imports rose sufficiently to build crude stocks 6.7 MMBbls. Finished product stocks drew, largely due to end-of-season kerosene stock declines and lesser draws in naphtha, gasoil, and gasoline. This was despite across-the-board demand declines in all the major products. The indicative refining margin remains good. This week saw higher gasoline and kero-jet cracks, while naphtha and fuel oil cracks eased.

Why Is TTF So Weak and What Does That Mean for Spreads Going Forward?

Gas price spreads around Europe are a series of levers. You push down on one side, spreads will open up. Push down on another, spreads will close. We are seeing this levering already at play on the TTF relative to other Continental European hubs and expect more, as increasing volumes of LNG dock on European shores. TTF is looking weak so far this March vs. nearly all N.W. European Hubs despite Groningen production dropping to historically low levels (for this time of year) and low LNG deliveries into the Dutch pipeline system. Storage, namely the 4 BCM Bergermeer facility, has really stepped up to fill the void created by lost production volumes. While these extra volumes don’t fully replace Groningen, between the historically low demand, extra storage volumes, more Norwegian volumes, and extra Russian volumes this difference has been made up.

Coal Supply Cuts Increase

While underlying demand conditions for coal — and natural gas prices — have weakened further, production cuts have accelerated. In addition, generators are turning more to “forced coal burn” in order to assist in trimming burgeoning inventories. This is setting the stage for an expected normalization of market balances in 2017.

California Carbon Slipped Below Floor; Auction Decision Looms

Sharp declines observed in the CA ETS have seen secondary market prices dipping below the auction floor price, particularly for prompt delivery. More information regarding the validity of allowance auctions could come any day — even in the event of a negative decision, consigned allowance auctions could continue.

U.S. Refiners Paid over $1 Billion in RIN Costs in 2015

U.S. refiners paid 1.27 billion to comply with RFS2 last year.

Funds Keep Selling Corn

In a week when grains and oilseeds enjoyed noticeable price appreciation, corn participation was limited and one look at last week’s Commitment of Traders showed the reason as Funds just keep selling, seemingly oblivious to any possible planting disruption.

The Expanded Panama Canal Set to Open for Trade in 3Q16

The expanded Panama Canal will benefit U.S. exports of LPG and help support U.S. LPG prices. But for crude/condensate exports, VLCC exports around the Cape of Good Hope are still generally more attractive than Canal voyages.

LNG's Generation X Comes to Life

The specter of production shut-ins remains a constant whisper throughout the industry unless demand growth surges in the short term. Lower prices do suggest a lift in the demand curve is possible, but it is still difficult to place all of the world’s emerging LNG supply without an extremely low price that cracks open more coal-to-gas switching.

Global Equities Post Another Positive Week

Global equities posted a fourth straight week of gains. Many of the tracking indices continue to display significantly better looking trends. In the U.S., almost all the tracking indices were higher on the week. Energy, materials utilities, and retail did the best, while banking lagged. Internationally, the tracking indices were a bit more mixed. The best performers were Europe and Latin America. Japan, emerging Asia, and China lagged.

Ethanol Prices Slide

U.S. ethanol prices tumbled last week as inventories were near record highs. Manufacturing margins were stable as corn costs also declined.

What Ails U.S. Distillate Demand?

Weekly distillate demand has been running about 700 MB/D below forecast. PIRA has pointed to the adverse impact of a strong dollar on U.S. industry as well as the crippling impact of low commodity prices on mining as likely causes for this demand weakness. We estimate their combined negative impact on diesel demand is roughly 320 MB/D, leaving the remaining 380 MB/D to be explained by other factors such as bad weekly demand data. The recent 278 MB/D upward revision in the December PSM of the DOE weekly demand data is testimony to the kind of upward revisions that are possible. There will be more upward revisions to the weekly numbers when the PSM monthly data for January and February are released.

Will the Rio Olympics Help Brazil’s Economy and Oil Demand?

Historically, the summer Olympic games have tended to support economic activity in host countries, and there has also been a positive historical pattern between hosting the Olympics and oil consumption. This year, Rio de Janeiro will host the first Olympics in South America, but the typical Olympic effects on the economy and oil demand have not evident in Brazilian data. Recent encouraging signals from financial markets, however, suggest that the Olympic lift may materialize after all.

Egypt Reduce Gas Prices for Industrial Users

Egypt will reduce the price it offers natural gas to steel and iron factories, Minister of Industry Tarek Kabil told a news conference last Wednesday. The reduction brings gas prices for the industries back to their 2014 levels, before prices were hiked as part of a broader government plan to cut subsidies, including those to heavy industry. At the time, the government increased gas prices by 30-75%. Egypt in December relaxed a commitment made by the previous government to abolish subsidies on gasoline, diesel and natural gas, and said lower global oil prices and the discovery of a massive offshore gas field meant it could move more slowly on the pledge.

Recent Oklahoma Wastewater Directives Not Likely to Have Material Impact on Crude Production

On March 7th Oklahoma’s oil and gas regulatory body issued a directive to reduce the wastewater injected into disposal wells in an area covering 5,000 square miles and over 400 disposal wells. This follows on the heels of a directive issued on February 16th impacting over 200 wells. Both the February and March actions represent an expansion in scope from directives issued in the state over the past year. However, PIRA does not see a material impact on oil production. The directives are largely voluntary and aim to reduce water disposal, not production. At most, we estimate a potential impact of 30 MB/D of crude. But the actual impact will likely be much less as operators come up with other ways to dispose of produced water.

Iraq Oil Monitor, 1Q16

Rising insecurity and worsening regional tensions resulted in multiple attacks and a 25-day shutdown of the ~600 MB/D Iraq-Ceyhan pipeline from mid-February. In the south, rising tribal violence and organized crime could deter investment and slow oil development. Southern exports averaged nearly 3.3 MMB/D from November to February, but further gains will likely be difficult as 2016 investment plans were reportedly reduced from $23 to $9 billion. The KRG-Baghdad oil export deal remains effectively dead, and PM Abadi’s plans for a major cabinet reshuffle has the potential to alleviate months of political paralysis or intensify a power struggle within the government.

Growth-Friendly Policy Announcements from China and Europe

Economic targets announced at this week’s Chinese National People’s Congress pointed to a growth-friendly policy stance. But policymakers also paid attention to structural issues, such as reforming state-owned enterprises. Chinese economic data for January/February were mixed, and a slowing in industrial production growth is likely to alarm policymakers. Easing measures that the European Central Bank introduced this week went beyond markets’ expectations. Positive manufacturing data from Germany and the U.K. suggested that industrial activity in the developed world may be starting to turn around.

The information above is part of PIRA Energy Group's weekly Energy Market Recap - which alerts readers to PIRA’s current analysis of energy markets around the world as well as the key economic and political factors driving those markets.

In recent years, fishing communities in North West Europe have reaped numerous benefits from the rise of offshore wind – fishing vessels and their crews have been regularly employed for the transfer of technicians and equipment to wind farms off the coast. As the industry has evolved, there has been rapid growth in the use of purpose-build Personnel Transfer Vessels (PTV) for the same purpose. This remains a viable and low-cost option for many projects, but developers are now exploring innovative logistics solutions for rapid access to wind farms – the industry is modernizing rapidly and looking to the sky.

In the UK, use of helicopters for offshore wind operations and maintenance (O&M) is still relatively rare – limited to the Greater Gabbard and Westermost Rough projects. However, for our North Sea neighbors, it is more commonplace. In Germany and Denmark, helicopters regularly service offshore wind farms – rapid response time and lack of dependence on sea conditions are both key motives for use. As such, helicopters are expected to feature in many future projects within the region, factored into a new style of O&M strategy.

The next phase of offshore wind farms in the UK are expected to drive increased use of helicopters offshore. Upcoming projects like Hornsea are both larger in scale and farther from shore, requiring a strategy beyond the use of personnel transfer vessels. There is no one-size fits all O&M approach for these giant windfarms, and risk-averse operators may see helicopters as a high risk alternative to vessels. However, the benefits are clear – time saving on turbine repair (i.e. minimizing downtime) is crucial and helicopters enable rapid access to turbines in harsher weather conditions.

DW expect helicopters to become an integral part of the offshore wind industry’s O&M mix. Consequently, we forecast steady growth in helicopter demand to 2025, primarily in Western European markets with experience in offshore aviation derived from a long history of oil and gas.